sulfuric acid is a strong acid it is also highly hygroscopic, ie it is capable of absorbing water of substances, including drawing water from different molecules as in the case of the sugar to making charcoal.
C 12 H 22 O 11 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (l) -> 11 H 2 O (g) + 12 C (s) The increase in volume seen at the end, is because there is a reduction reaction between carbon oxide and sulfuric acid, carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid is reduced to sulfuric acid decomposes into water and sulfur dioxide. All gases are: water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide make fluffy charred sugar and increase their volume.
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