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Ludion with a bag of ketchup


By pressing on the bottle, it is transmitted to all points of the fluid (Pascal principle) and compresses the bag of ketchup (it has some air in it), and that's the thrust is less (because the volume occupied by the stock market is lower) and the stock drops in the bottle ketchup. When we press, the stock recovers the original volume and the push (that under the principle of Archimedes equals the weight of the fluid evacuated) increases.

works well if we use a large bottle (2 liters) of soft plastic.

can also experience Ludion used as a test tube spent to keep a small pocket of air inside.

The Ludion was an "invention" of Descartes. The name "Ludion" is that its purpose was essentially playful. In a bottle filled with water, dipped a little devil was moving as pressure or not the bottle.

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called endothermic reaction is any reaction that absorbs heat.
In the video we see the reaction between two solid compounds: barium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate.

The reaction produces barium nitrate, ammonia and water ... and absorbs large amounts of heat, while frozen layer of water left on the wood and the "sticks" to the flask.

Ba (OH) 2 _{.8 H 2 O + 2 NH 4} NO 3 → Ba (NO 3 ) 2 + 2 NH 3 _{+ 10 H 2 O} DH = 80.3 kJ

In this reaction there is a large increase in entropy: we went from 3 moles to 13 moles and solid phase-in substances in solution. This increase of entropy means that the process is spontaneous, but the enthalpy of the process is not favorable. The spontaneity of a chemical reaction is given by the change in Gibbs free energy

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reaction endothermic reaction between nitric acid and metals

The video shows four flasks containing about 50 ml of nitric acid which is deposited gold, magnesium and zinc.

Gold does not react with nitric acid to dissolve gold if we have to use aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in 1:3 ratio. The copper and magnesium turnings react quickly releasing a brown gas. The zinc reacts after a brief moment, in the same way.

nitric acid attacks most metals, even the silver and copper. The only exceptions are the noble metals: gold, platinum and iridium. Some metals such as iron, chromium and aluminum are not attacked because they are passive, ie it forms a thin oxide layer that protects the metal from acid attack. With zinc same thing happens, but eventually the oxide layer is attacked by nitric acid.

In all cases occur redox reactions: nitric acid is a strong oxidant:
3 Mg + 2 NO3-+8 H3O + -> 3 Mg 2 + + 2NO + 12 H2O
The metal is oxidized and the nitrogen is reduced. Nitrogen monoxide is colorless, but reacts with oxygen in the air to form NO2 brown.

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Each object has a natural frequency of oscillation, if we apply a force with a frequency similar to the structure, the object begins to vibrate, to oscillate with increasing amplitude, in this case we say that has produced a phenomenon of resonance.

The video below is an experience well known: if we moistened finger around the rim of a glass and made a twisting motion of the right frequency, we can make the glass vibrate and emit sound.

A similar experience is the sound emitted by Tibetan bowls and, apparently, to get started using meditation focusing on the sound emitted by the bowl.

Well now that we are relaxed, the opposite experience: a proper frequency sound can cause oscillation in a solid (a glass) and reach beyond the elastic limit of the object and break. Notice that the sound can be annoying (away from glass objects from the speaker of your computer, just in case ...)

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resonance Coriolis acceleration

Coriolis acceleration is an acceleration dummy can be seen when an object moves on a platform that is moving. From the standpoint of the observer in the rotating reference system, the object is curved and deviates from its path. However, for an outside observer, the object describes a straight line.
The video clearly shows this effect:

Earth is a rotating platform and Foucault, in 1851, built a large enough pendulum to see how his plane was diverted oscillation ( because it made the surface of the Earth). A Foucault pendulum describe a complete turnaround in 24 hours if we were located at the poles. In other latitudes the angular velocity of the pendulum is proportional to the sine of the latitude (in Ecuador the pendulum does not deviate).

More information about the Foucault pendulum science stories.

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The center of gravity is below the level of support and this keeps it off balance. Is also the case that the experience of those covered balanced on a stick.

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sugar and sulfuric acid Doppler Effect

sulfuric acid is a strong acid it is also highly hygroscopic, ie it is capable of absorbing water of substances, including drawing water from different molecules as in the case of the sugar to making charcoal.

_{C 12 H} 22 _{O 11 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (l)} -> 11 H 2 _{O (g) + 12 C (s)}

The increase in volume seen at the end, is because there is a reduction reaction between carbon oxide and sulfuric acid, carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid is reduced to sulfuric acid decomposes into water and sulfur dioxide. All gases are: water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide make fluffy charred sugar and increase their volume.

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The Doppler effect is produced when a wave emitting source moves relative to the observer. If it is near the shorter wavelength (increasing frequency) and if you move, the wavelength increases (frequency decreases).
With the sound waves we can readily appreciate, the sound of an approaching vehicle is sharper than we perceive it departs.

To understand a little more (animation of David Harrison) :

When the source velocity exceeds the speed of propagation of the wave is produced when the phenomenon of shock waves already discussed here.

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Reflection and refraction, critical angle

flash animation downloaded from the website: http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/Flash/
providing creative commons licensed physical animations in Flash format.
With this animation we can study the reflection and refraction of light passing from air to glass. Clicking "next scene" the incident ray is in the glass and changing the angle of incidence we can see the critical angle, which is one for which total reflection occurs.

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The determination of the shape of the Earth: Jorge Juan and Antonio Ulloa

Any schoolboy knows that the Earth is not a perfect sphere but is slightly flattened at the poles. What we do not ever, that two English scientists participated in this discovery.

Jorge Juan (1713-1773) born in Novelda and Antonio Ulloa (1716-1795), Seville, played an important role in determining the exact shape of the Earth.

There were two theories: Newton Maupertius scientists, proposed that the Earth is slightly flattened at the poles (orange form), and second, Cassini, astronomer of Louis XIV, and Descartes postulated that the shape was flattened in Ecuador (a lemon). To settle the scientific controversy, the French sent two expeditions to Lapland and one another to Quito, to measure the arc corresponding to a degree of latitude. If Newton was right, the arc of a meridian degree would be longer at the poles than near the Earth Ecuador.

The first issue went to Finland in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Gulf of Bothnia. It was directed by Maupertius and within a year, between 1736 and 1737, made their measurements.

The expedition to Ecuador presented more difficulties. The territory belonged to the English crown, and Louis XIV asked permission to her cousin Philip V, for an issue of the Academie Royale des Sciences de Paris formed by Louis Godin, Pierre Bouguer and Charles M. de la Condamine, travel to Quito, to measure a meridian arc. Felipe V had agreed, on the condition involving also English. Surprisingly, they chose two young midshipmen: Jorge Juan that had 21 years, and their colleagues in academia military called "The Euclid" as a mathematician and Antonio Ulloa, 19 as a naturalist, who did not have the prestige and scientific recognition of their French colleagues and, in principle, had the task of monitoring the movements of the French English territory.
measurements lasted from 1736 to 1744. The five researchers are divided into groups. Subsequent commissions have studied the work and concluded that the most accurate were those who got Jorge Juan. Estimated the linear value for one degree of meridian in Ecuador 56767.788 yards. The fathom was the unit of length that was used in France, was higher than the value measured in Lapland (57,437.9 T), confirming the hypothesis of Newton on the shape of the earth.
finally decided to return on different ships, in order to ensure that one of the duplicates of the notes and calculations to reach its destination. Shipped on October 22, 1744 in two French frigates. Jorge Juan arrived in Brest on October 31, 1745. From there he went to Paris to exchange views on their work and compare some characteristics observed by him and Godin in his astronomical observations, astronomers know the famous Marian, Clairaut and La Caille, authors of the formulas had been used many times. Reaumur met, inventor of the thermometer and other famous scholars, accompanied by La Condamine and Bourguer, reinstated in their activities, voted him a corresponding member of the Royal Academie des Sciences.
Antonio de Ulloa had more difficulties. His frigate captured by the British, who declared war on France during the voyage, had to throw water to the documentation involved, and no relation to the degree, physical and astronomical observations, and historical information that he gave not without warning interest of all nations of Europe had shown in this business.
He was taken prisoner near Portsmouth, but the Duke of Bedford was granted freedom by saying that the war should not offend the sciences, or arts, or their teachers. went to London, where the Minister of State Earl of Harrington, who was ambassador to Spain, proposed as a Member of the Royal Society.
addition to measurements, Antonio de Ulloa in his studies of mining was the first to speak on the deck or platinum as different mineral silver and gold.

http://www.jorgejuan.net/ESPANOL/Marino/0biografia.htm
http://www.mgar.net/exp/ulloa.htm
http://www.mappinginteractivo.com / template-ante.asp? id_articulo = 1348

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potassium chlorate and gummy bear

Here is another example of a redox reaction. Reacts molten potassium chlorate, a powerful oxidizing agent, with sucrose the bear. As a result, carbon dioxide, water vapor and potassium chloride. This is a highly exothermic reaction.
By the way, video can be used to cool the English.

Poor bear.

Another version:

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container is lined with aluminum foil and pour a solution of warm water and salt, silver plunges few minutes y. .. already.

Silver, over time, react with compounds containing sulfur and Black, it is coated with a layer of silver sulfide, Ags.
redox reaction (oxidation reduction) that occurs is:

3 Ag2S + 2 Al + 6 H2O -> 6 Ag + 2 Al (OH) 3 + 3 H2S

The oxidized silver is reduced to metallic silver , and aluminum is oxidized, hydrogen sulfide is clear (you'll notice a smell of boiled eggs ...). Hot water and salt accelerates the electron transfer process and the chloride ions from salt attack surface protective layer of aluminum, allowing the silver to react more easily.
works.

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To clean silver, "Magic? Only physical: a question of balance. Strong acids and bases



is not rigged, I repeated the experience at home and work.


courage! prove that it is easy ...

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: Effects on organic matter and metals

The video shows the effects of concentrated hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide concentrated on a leg of pork and the effect of hydrochloric acid on metals that are a clock.

strong acids react with metals such as iron in the stainless steel watch metal forming salts and releasing hydrogen gas (which is why bubbles are seen in the solution). The clock contains other metals in addition to iron, which are responsible for the color of the solution.

matter of living beings, is basically formed by proteins, which when attacked by acid, denatured, ie they produce changes in protein structure that alter their functions. The enzyme activity takes place in an uncoordinated manner and chaotic. The high concentration of acid cleaves peptide bonds between amino acids that form proteins, destroying them. Bones are made of calcium carbonate and proteins, carbonates in the presence of strong acids are transformed into carbon dioxide and water. At the end of the process, leaving only the fat which is floating in the solution.

Strong bases have a much less dramatic reaction, but the degree of destruction is visible. Caustic soda, first neutralizes the acid protective layer of the skin and forms a soap with the fat layer, a layer that can protect the leg of pork destructive advance of the base. A few proteins are also hydrolyzed by base.
Attack of the base is not as strong as the acid, however, a few drops of a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide in the retina can lead to blindness.

The video is not exactly pleasant, but it may be instructive on the dangers of these substances. It's the page: http://www.science-tube.com that contains a lot of interesting experiments.

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In the third century BC lived the scientist (for me was a scientist) Greek contemporaries (envious, I suppose) nicknamed "beta" because it was the second best in everything. However, it was the first determined in a very simple and rather approximate the size of Earth.

Eratosthenes was the director of the library of Alexandria and there, referring to a scroll, read it in Siena (what is now Aswan in Egypt) on June 21 at noon did not object shadow and the light reflected directly in the bottom of the wells. Siena
was virtually the same geographical longitude Alexandria in Alexandria itself overshadowed objects, that indicated that the Earth was curved ('s well explained in the video).
Measuring the shadow, we can calculate the angle at which sunlight affect (trigonometry, which occasionally useful for something).

Earth is enough away from the sun to consider the sun's rays parallel. The angular distance between the two cities will be the same as the angle of the shadow, 7.2 °, these angles of parallel sides.

The next step was to measure the distance between the two cities, this distance is the arc corresponding to 7.2 º, simply calculate the distance that corresponds to 1 and then multiplying by 360 to calculate the length of the earth's circumference . There are different theories
on the units used by Eratosthenes to measure the distance between the two cities (as long as units, but that's for another post) the most Eratosthenes fervent supporters say they used the Egyptian stage that gave an estimate of the Earth's circumference of 39614.4 km, compared with 40,008 km currently considered, ie an error of less than 1%.

Enjoy the fantastic video of Carl Sagan (Cosmos series fragment)